Carbon is a key element for energy and resource sectors and for the industrial production, carbon in its various forms (hydrocarbons) plays an essential role as a raw material that can hardly be replaced. Furthermore, CO2 will continue to be emitted from industrial processes like cement and steel industry. While the energy cannot enter a closed loop, carbon must not be released into the atmosphere and reuse in closed loop for fuel or aggregate production. Consequently, carbon shall be circulated both in the energy and in the product sector, determining a Closed Carbon Cycle. In this panel we will show the recent advances like CO2 mineralisation, plasma catalysis and photo catalysis for the effective production of carbon neutral hydrocarbon fuels. However, holistic models are required to evaluate the real potential of CO2 to be into a resource.